Laboratory Animals > Volume 42, Number 4 > Pp. 442-452

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Use of soft hydrothermal processing to improve and recycle bedding for laboratory animals

T Miyamoto ^*  , Z Li , T Kibushi ^*, N Yamasaki  and N Kasai ^* 

^* Institute for Animal Experimentation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Maeda Seisakusho Co, Ltd, Nagano, Japan

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing the flow-type extraction apparatus used in the soft hydrothermal process. (1) Water softener, (2) water tank, (3) plunger pump, (4) steam generator, (5) condenser, (6) back pressure regulator, (7) line heater, (8) reactor, (9) reactor heater, (10) safety valve, (11) steam trap, (12) control valve, (13) condenser, (14) extract reservoir, (15) deodorization, (16) N2 gas, (17) compressor, (18) N2 gas mass flow controller (19) sample cages

 

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2 The van Krevelen diagram of fresh and improved bedding. (a) Fresh bedding. (b) Fresh bedding dried with an electric air oven at 0.1 MPa and 105°C for 6 h. (c)–(f) Improved bedding treated by the large-scale apparatus at (c) 0.35 MPa and 140°C for 60 min, (d) 0.35 MPa and 155°C for 60 min, (e) 0.35 MPa and 170°C for 60 min and (f) 0.35 MPa and 185°C for 60 min. O/C: atomic ratio of oxygen and carbon; H/C: atomic ratio of hydrogen and carbon

 

View larger version (8K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3 Time course changes in adsorptive efficiency of ammonia concentration in the container. The initial ammonia concentration in the container was 30 ppm. Adsorption experiments were conducted in five replications. Data in the graph were represented as the averaged values of the replications, with the vertical bars showing the standard deviation among five replications. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (*P < 0.05). Open circles: no bedding (control); closed squares: fresh bedding; closed circles: improved bedding

 

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4 Scanning electron microscopy photographs of fresh and recycled bedding. (a) Fresh bedding. (b) Bedding treated at 0.45 MPa and 150°C for 90 min. Bars represent 30 µm

 

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